What is Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma?
Squamous cell carcinoma is a form of skin cancer that develops in squamous cells. While it is usually not life-threatening, it can be aggressive if left untreated. This type of skin cancer can be found on many different areas of the body, but is most often found on areas that are often exposed to the sun. SCC can also develop in mucous membranes, such as the mouth or genitals.
The process of developing SCC begins when mutations occur in the DNA of squamous cells, leading to abnormal cell growth and tumor formation. In some cases, high-risk features such as larger or deeper tumors can increase the chance of recurrence or metastasis to lymph nodes and other organs.
Common signs of squamous cell carcinoma include:
- A firm, red nodule.
- A flat, scaly sore.
- A new sore or a raised area on an old ulcer or scar.
Some individuals may be more at risk for developing this form of skin cancer, which includes those:
- With fair skin.
- Who are often exposed to the sun.
- Who use tanning beds or used tanning beds in the past.
- Who have a history of sunburns.
- With weakened immune systems.
Risk Factors
There are several factors that can increase your risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. Prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or from indoor tanning beds is the leading cause, making individuals who spend a lot of time outdoors or use tanning beds more susceptible. People with fair skin, especially those with blond or red hair and light-colored eyes, are at a higher risk because their skin has less natural protection against UV rays.
A weakened immune system, whether due to organ transplant, certain medical conditions, or medications, also raises the risk of developing skin cancer, including squamous cell carcinoma. Those with a personal or family history of skin cancer, actinic keratosis, or other chronic skin conditions are more likely to develop this type of cell carcinoma. The American Cancer Society recommends protecting exposed skin with sunscreen, seeking shade, and wearing protective clothing to help lower your risk of skin cancer.
Causes of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma is primarily caused by the abnormal growth of squamous cells, which can result from a variety of environmental and genetic factors. The most significant cause is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which damages the DNA in skin cells and can trigger the uncontrolled growth that leads to cancer cells forming. Over time, repeated sun exposure or use of tanning beds increases the risk of these changes occurring.
In addition to UV radiation, exposure to certain chemicals, such as arsenic, can also contribute to the development of squamous cell carcinoma. Other risk factors include smoking, some viral infections (like human papillomavirus), and inherited genetic conditions that affect the skin’s ability to repair itself. By understanding these causes, individuals can take steps to protect their skin and reduce their chances of developing this common form of skin cancer.
Symptoms and Diagnosis
Squamous cell carcinoma can appear in several ways, making it important to be vigilant about any changes in your skin. Common symptoms include a persistent scaly patch, a wart-like growth, or a sore that does not heal. Sometimes, the affected area may be tender, bleed, or develop a crust. Because squamous cell carcinoma can grow slowly, symptoms may be subtle at first, but early detection is key to successful treatment.
Diagnosis typically begins with a physical exam and a review of your medical history. If a suspicious lesion is found, your dermatologist may perform a biopsy, removing a small sample of tissue for examination under a microscope. This helps confirm the presence of cancer cells and determine the type and stage of the carcinoma.
If left untreated, squamous cell carcinoma can lead to serious complications, including the spread of cancer cells to regional lymph nodes or other parts of the body. The National Cancer Institute recommends regular skin checks and prompt evaluation of any new or changing skin lesions to ensure early detection and effective treatment.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment
Squamous cell carcinomas can usually be removed with minor surgery. Surgical excision is a common and effective way to treat squamous cell carcinoma, especially for localized tumors. However, other treatment options are also available.
The treatment that is best for you will depend on the size, location, and aggressiveness of your skin cancer, as well as the assessment of lymph node involvement, which is important for staging and planning treatment. Common squamous cell carcinoma treatment options include:
Surgery
Simple Excision
During this procedure, the cancerous tissue will be cut out along with a healthy margin of skin. This will be examined under a microscope to ensure that all skin cancer has been removed.
Mohs Surgery
During Mohs surgery, the cancer layers are removed one by one, and each is examined under a microscope until no cancer cells remain.
Other Treatments
Cryosurgery
This involves freezing cancer cells using liquid nitrogen. This is often a good option for treating superficial skin cancers.
Curettage and Electrodesiccation
This treatment involves removing the surfacing of the skin cancer by using a special scraping instrument called a curet. The base of the cancer is then seared with an electric needle.
Superficial Radiation Therapy
This treatment uses superficial radiation that only goes skin deep to kill and effectively remove the targeted cancer cells. It is a good choice for patients who are older, on blood thinners, suffer from other medical issues, or have lesions on areas of the body that would be difficult to repair. SRT has a cure rate of 95%. Dr. Erwin offers this treatment in her office in partnership with SkinCure.
Candidates for Squamous Cell Carcinoma Treatment
If you have any of the symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma listed above, or if you have been diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma, you can benefit from treatment. It is important that you be seen by a dermatologist if you have seen changes in the appearance of your skin, such as a change in a previous growth or a new growth. The first step toward treatment is to schedule a consultation appointment with Dr. Erwin, during which she will assess your skin and may take a biopsy. Then, an individualized treatment plan will be made based on the type of skin cancer, the location, and the aggressiveness.
Contact Us Today
To learn more about squamous cell carcinoma and the available treatment options, contact our office today by calling 979-543-9933! We will be happy to assist you in scheduling your consultation appointment, as well as answer any questions that you may have.
